Cyber capabilities in AI models are advancing rapidly, bringing meaningful benefits for cyberdefense as well as new dual-use risks that must be managed carefully. For example, capabilities assessed through capture-the-flag (CTF) challenges have improved from 27% on GPT‑5 in August 2025 to 76% on GPT‑5.1-Codex-Max in November 2025.
OpenAI is strengthening the models for defensive cybersecurity
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